Introduction To Embedded Systems

Introduction

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An embedded systems combines hardware and software designed for specific functions or tasks. Think of it as a controller that’s part of a larger design. You encounter embedded systems in many devices or components of devices you use daily, like airplanes, medical equipment, household appliances, automobiles, cameras, TVs, and more.

 

Modern embedded systems typically use microcontrollers, microprocessors, SoCs, or FPGAs—specialized integrated circuits designed to perform specific computations. These systems function by taking analog or digital inputs, processing them based on the software’s configuration, and producing outputs.

 

Some embedded systems feature user interfaces. For example, consider an optical mouse. It captures surface images as you move it, processes these images, and determines the pointer’s position on your computer screen. While the optical mouse is an embedded system, your general-purpose computer is not—it’s multifunctional and capable of running various software or even creating new ones.

 

Characteristics of Embedded Systems

Characteristics	Description
Sophisticated Functionality	Embedded systems have sophisticated functionality that varies by appliance (e.g., microwaves, washing machines, mobile phones). The sophistication degree differs based on the application.
Real-Time Operations	Tasks in embedded systems are designed to meet specific deadlines. Real-time operations may be hard deadlines (strictly met) or soft deadlines (can be missed occasionally).
Low Manufacturing Cost	Embedded systems are low-cost due to their design for specific tasks, unlike general-purpose systems.
Low Power Consumption	Performing a single task results in lower power consumption compared to general-purpose systems.
Application-Dependent Processor	Embedded systems use processors tailored for specific applications, unlike general-purpose processors used in computers.
Restricted Memory	Embedded systems have limited memory, suited only for the intended application.

 

Comparision of General-Purpose Computers and Embedded Systems

Comparison	General Purpose Computer	Embedded System
Purpose	Multi-purpose; used for a wide range of tasks (communication, work, storage, entertainment).	Single-function; designed to perform specific tasks.
Resource Constraints	Low or no constraints; multiple devices can be attached as needed.	High constraints on size, power, cost, memory, and real-time factors.
Performance	Faster and better due to multi-tasking and multi-process capabilities.	Limited performance; operates with a fixed runtime requirement.
User Interface	Keyboards, display, mouse, touch screens.	Integrated into the real world with buttons, sensors, etc.
Output	Various outputs for communication and display.	Simple outputs like LEDs, LCDs, or Bluetooth, tailored to specific applications.